Penggunaan Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L) Dalam Bentuk Tepung Dalam Ransum Terhadap Pertambahan Bobot Badan Ayam Broiler.

Oleh : Novita

Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Abstrak

Mengkudu memiliki beberapa senyawa aktif, diantaranya dapat meningkatkan proses penyerapan zat gizi dalam usus. Mengkudu dapat digunakan sebagai pakan tambahan dan  diharapkan dapat meningkatkan tampilan ternak khususnya unggas. Zat-zat nutrisi yang terkandung dalam buah mengkudu terdiri atas protein, lemak, karbohidrat, mineral dan vitamin (Jones, 2000). Mengkudu juga memiliki khasiat obat, merangsang sistem kekebalan tubuh, mengatur fungsi sel dan regenerasi sel jaringan tubuh yang rusak, serta kandungan air buah mengkudu matang sekitar 52%, sisanya berupa komponen-komponen yang terdiri dari enzim, vitamin, mineral, senyawa-senyawa asam (Bangun dan Sarwono,2002). Kandungan zat aktif yang terdapat di dalam buah mengkudu adalah sebagai berikut: Scopoletin, Pektin, Caproic, Caprylic, Arachidonic acid, Emodin, Terpenoid, Asperuloside, Galaktosa, arabinosa dan asam gluronat. Tepung buah mengkudu mengandung protein 16,7%, lemak 2,06%, serat kasar 33,7%, air 8,7%, abu 5,4%, calsium 0,08%, phospor 0,076%, dan energi metabolisme 3183 kkal/kg. Penambahan tepung buah mengkudu di dalam ransum dapat menggantikan fungsi antibiotik, tanpa mengganggu pertumbuhannya. Tepung buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L) sampai level 2% dalam pakan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan harian, konversi pakan, nilai biologis dan retensi N pada ayam pedaging.

Kata kunci: Tepung Buah Mengkudu, Bobot Badan, Ayam broiler.

PENTINGNYA PROTEIN HEWANI ASAL TERNAK BAGI KESEHATAN

Dikompilasi Oleh: Urip Santoso

Pendahuluan

Rendahnya konsumsi protein hewani berdampak pada tingkat kecerdasan dan kualitas hidup penduduk Indonesia. Kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM) sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh peringkat Human Development Indeks (HDI) tahun 2004 yang dikeluarkan United Nation Development Program (UNDP), Indonesia berada pada peringkat ke-111, satu tingkat di atas Vietnam (112), namun jauh di bawah negara ASEAN lainnya, Singapura (peringkat 25), Malaysia (59), Thailand (76) dan Fhilipina (83).
 Terdapat hubungan tingkat konsumsi protein hewani dengan tingkat kecerdasan pada anak usia pra-sekolah. Konsumsi protein hewani yang rendah pada anak usia prasekolah dapat mengakibatkan anak-anak berbakat normal menjadi sub-normal atau bahkan defisien. Peningkatan konsumsi protein hewani dapat mengurangi frekuensi kejadian defisiensi mental. Ironisnya mereka pada umumnya berasal dari keluarga tidak mampu (miskin).
 Selain untuk kecerdasan, protein hewani dibutuhkan untuk daya tahan tubuh. Protein hewani berperanan penting dalam mencegah terjadinya anemia pada orang yang menggunakan otot untuk bekerja keras. Gejala anemia tersebut dikenal dengan istilah “sport anemia”. Penyakit ini dapat dicegah dengan mengkonsumsi protein yang tinggi, dimana sebanyak 50% dari protein yang dikonsumsi harus berasal dari protein hewani.
 Protein hewani diduga berperan terhadap daya tahan eritrosit (sel darah merah) sehingga tidak mudah pecah. Protein hewani juga berperan dalam mempercepat regenerasi sel darah merah.
 Protein hewani memiliki komposisi asam amino yang lengkap dan dibutuhkan tubuh. Nilai hayati protein hewani relatif tinggi. Nilai hayati menggambarkan berapa banyak nitrogen (N) dari suatu protein dalam pangan yang dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh untuk pembuatan protein tubuh. Semakin tinggi nilai hayati protein suatu bahan pangan makin banyak zat N dari protein tersebut yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembentukan protein tubuh. Hampir semua pangan asal ternak mempunyai nilai hayati 80 ke atas. Telur memiliki nilai hayati tertinggi yakni 94-100.

Pentingnya Telur Bagi Kesehatan Manusia

Dikompilasi Oleh: Urip Santoso  
Ada persepsi negatif tentang telur sehingga banyak orang yang menghindari telur. Hal ini disebabkan oleh publikasi yang tak seimbang tentang telur. Memang benar bahwa telur banyak mengandung kolesterol. Akan tetapi perlu diketahui bahwa kolesterol hanyalah salah satu sebab yang meningkatkan kolesterol dalam darah. Padahal banyak zat gizi atau senyawa kimia lainnya yang terdapat dalam telur yang amat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh kita.
Nilai Gizi Telur
Tabel 1 memperlihatkan nilai gizi telur, daging ayam dan susu. Dari table 1 dapat dibaca ahwa telur memiliki kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan daging ayam dan susu.
Di antara makanan sumber protein, telur mengandung asam amino esensial terkaya yang penting untuk pertumbuhan dan perbaikan sel-sel tubuh. Protein sangat penting untuk menjaga kulit tetap kencang dan membentuk otot yang kuat. Standard gizi nasional menetapkan bahwa konsumsi protein asal hewani asal ternak adalah sebanyak 6 g/kapita/hari. Untuk memenuhi hal ini maka disarankan untuk mengkonsumsi telur, daging dan susu dalam jumlah tertentu setiap harinya. Sejatinya, kita membutuhkan protein sebesar 1 g/kg berat badan setiap hari. Jika kita mempunyai berat badan 50 kg maka kita membutuhkan protein sebanyak 50 g/hari. 25%-nya berasal dari protein hewani. Jika kita mempunyai berat badan 50 kg, maka kebutuhan protein asal hewan sebesar 12,5 g/hari dimana 6 g berasal dari ternak dan sisanya berasal dari ikan (6,5 g). Protein dalam putih telur adalah ovalbumin, ovotransferrin dan ovomukoid. Protein lainnya adalah ovomusin, lisozim, cystatin, ovoinhibitor dan ovomakroglobulin (ovostatin). Lisozim mempunyai sifat antimikrobia dan antivirus. Lisozim  mencegah dan mengontrol beberapa infeksi kulit yang disebabkan oleh virus. Protein juga mempunyai sifat antiadesif dan berperan dalam peningkatan imunitas. Lisozim juga bersifat antikanker. Ovokinin (salah satu peptide dalam putih telur) juga bersifat  antihepertensif. Protein dan peptide dalam kuning telur juga mempunyai sifat antimikrobia, anti adesif, antioksidan dan meningkatkan ketersediaan zat gizi.
Dari 71 penelitian tentang telur, para ahli menemukan meskipun rendah kalori, telur merupakan sumber yang kaya protein dan dipenuhi nutrisi penting khususnya vitamin D, vitamin B12, selenium dan kolin. Selain sinar matahari, telur merupakan sumber utama vitamin D. Makan dua butir telur sehari memenuhi hampir setengah dari kebutuhan vitamin D. Asupan vitamin D yang cukup mencegah penyakit tulang, kanker, jantung, gangguan kekebalan tubuh, dan kesehatan mental. Tidak banyak yang tahu kalau telur ternyata mengandung 41 IU vitamin D-64% lebih banyak dibandingkan jika Anda berjemur di matahari. Asupan vitamin D yang jumlahnya kurang bisa Anda dapat dari telur. Selain itu, bisa menurunkan resiko diabetes, jantung, dan penyakit ginjal.

Konsumsi Protein Asal Ayam Ras

Oleh: Urip Santoso

            Telah diketahui bahwa protein memegang peranan yang sangat penting bagi kesehatan manusia. Protein antara lain berperan penting dalam perkembangan sel otak, memelihara dan mengganti sel yang rusak dll. peranan ini tidak tergantikan oleh zat nutrisi lainnya. Oleh sebab itu, protein harus ada dalam makanan manusia.

            Kebutuhan protein bagi manusia berbeda-beda tergantung kepada umur, jenis aktivitas dll. menurut Winarno et al (1980) sebaiknya 25% dari kebutuhan protein dipenuhi dari hewan. Misalnya bila kita membutuhkan 51 gram protein setiap harinya (kebutuhan orang dewasa), maka protein hewaninya adalah 12,75 gram per hari denganprotein nabatinya sebesar 38,25 gram. Kebutuhan protein dari hewani ini dapat dipenuhi dari ikan atau produk air lainnya dan dari ternak. Jika target minimal konsumsi protein asal ternak sebanyak 5 gram, maka sisanya dapat dipenuhi dari ikan sebesar 7,75 gram. Ikan  selain sebagai sumber protein juga kaya akan asam lemak omega 3 yang mempunyai peranan penting bagi perkembangan sel otak, retina mata dll. disinyalir asam lemak ini dapat meningkatkan perkembangan kecerdasan anak-anak.protein asal hewan sangat penting bagi kita karena komposisi asam aminonya lebih seimbang, sumber mineral penting, dan sumber vitamin B12 yang tidak ada dalam produk nabati, dan yang penting lebih lezat. Variabilitas konsumsi sumber protein ini sangat penting untuk memberikan pengaruh suplementari yang positif. Hal ini dapat melengkapi kekurangan yang ada pada satu jenis sumber protein. Selain karena dapat menyeimbangkan asam amino yang dikonsumsi, maka dengan variabilitas tersebut, akan diperoleh keseimbangan zat gizi lainnya, mengingat sumber protein yang dikonsumsi bukanlah protein murni.

Protein asal Ayam Ras

            Kebutuhan protein asal ternak bagi masyarakat Indonesia ditargetkan sebesar 5 gram/kapita/hari yang terdiri dari daging 22 gram, telur 6 gram dan susu 6 gram per kapita per hari. Variabilitas konsumsi protein asal ternak ini perlu dilakukan, selain dapat memberikan pengaruh suplementer, untuk menghindari kebosanan, dan juga dapat menciptakan variabilitas lapangan pekerjaan. Namun, tentunya jumlah tersebut bukan merupakan harga mati. Kita bisa saja membeli sumber protein hewani yang sesuai dengan kemampuan ekonomi ini. Dari semua produk ternak, maka daging asal ayam atau unggas lainnya dan telur merupakan sumber protein yang relative lebih murah. Oleh karena itu sangatlah wajar jika konsumsi produk asal ayam meningkat  cukup tajam (Tabel I).

            Dari table I terlihat bahwa konsumsi telur meningkat dari 1,8 kg/kapita/tahun pada tahun 1985 menjadi 3,1 kg pada tahun 1996 atau naik sebesar 72%. Konsumsi daging broiler juga meningkat dari 2,0 kg pada tahun 1985 menjadi 4,9 kg atau naik sebesar 145%. Dapat dilihat bahwa konsumsi daging broiler meningkat lebih pesat daripada telur. Padahal harga telur relatif lebih murah daripada daging broiler. Prilaku konsumen ini kurang diketahui sebabnya. Ada dugaan bahwa lebih rendahnya konsumsi telur berkaitan dengan kandungan kolensterol yang tinggi pada telur. Diketahui bahwa kolesterol dapat meningkatkan kolesterol darah dan merupakan salah satu penyebab penyakit jantung koroner. Meskipun demikian, ada ahli yang membuktikan bahwa mengkonsumsi telur dalam jumlah yang wajar tidak akan menaikkan kolesterol darah.

Konsumsi daging broiler sebesar 4,9 kg ini kira-kira sudah mencapai 60,5% dari target konsumsi daging sebesar 8,1 kg. Ini menunjukkan bahwa daging broiler telah dipilih oleh sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia. Jumlah konsumsi telur sebesar 3,1 kg per kapita per tahun pada tahun 1996 ini telah melebihi target minimal konsumsi telur. Mengingat telur juga merupakan sumber protein asal ternak yang murah, maka kemungkinan akan terjadi peningkatan konsumsi di masa yang akan datang. Oleh sebab itu komposisi konsumsi protein asal ternak telah diubah, dimana konsumsi telur ditargetkan menjadi 4 kg/kapita/tahun. Sementara itu, diperkirakan konsumsi daging asal ruminansia (kambing, sapi, kerbau, domba) kurang meningkat pesat dikarenakan harganya yang mahal, maka diharapkan sumber protein asal daging dapat dipenuhi dari daging ayam yang harganya lebih murah.

            Jika kita hitung konsumsi asal ayam ini secara kasar, maka ditemukan angka sebesar 3,7 gram/kapita/hari. Perlu diingat bahwa konsumsi ini belum termasuk konsumsi protein asal unggas lain seperti ayam buras, itik, angsa, entok, puyuh dll. konsumsi protein asal unggas lain ini diduga cukup banyak jumlahnya.

Effect of Protein and Saccharomyces cereviciae culture Levels on Carcass Quality and Fat Deposition in Broiler Chickens

Farahdiba, Urip Santoso* dan Kususiyah

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University

Jalan Raya W. R. Supratman, Bengkulu 38371 A

e-mail: santosoburgo60@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of level of protein and Saccharomyces cereviciae culture on carcass quality and fat deposition. One hundred and thirty three broilers were distributed to 9 treatment groups of 3 replicates each. Factorial Completely Randomized Experimental Design was used. Two factors used n the present study were  three level of protein (15%, 18% and 21%) and three level of Saccharomyces cereviciae culture (0%, 0,5% and 1%). Expermental results showed that protein level of diet significantly affected  Fatty Liver Score (P<0,05), leg, breast and abdominal fat weights (P<0,01), but it had no effect (P>0,05) on carcass, wing and back weight. Level of  Saccharomyces cereviciae culture had no effect (P>0,05) on carcass, leg, wing weghts and Fatty Lver Score, but it significantly affected on breast, back and neck fat weight (P<0,05)  abdominal fat weight (P<0,01). No interaction was found. In conclusion, higher protein level improved carcass quality and reduced fat deposition. In addition, supplementation of 0.5% Saccharomyces cereviciae culture was effective to improve carcass quality and to reduce fat deposition. Supplementation of Saccharomyces cereviciae culture to low protein diet did not improve carcass quality and fat deposition.

Key words:  Saccharomyces cereviciae, protein, carcass quality, fat deposition

ABSTRAK

Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh aras protein dan ragi tape terhadap mutu karkas dan deposisi lemak pada broiler. Sebanyak 135 ekor broiler dikelompokkan menjadi 9 kelompok perlakuan  dengan 3 ulangan berupa kandang litter. Masing-masing ulangan berisi 5 ekor broiler. Racangan Acak Lengkap dengan 2 faktor digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu  tiga aras protein (15%, 18% dan 21%) dan tiga aras ragi (0%, 0,5% dan 1%). Hasil penelitan menunjukkan bahwa  aras protein berpengaruh nyata terhadap  Fatty Liver Score (P<0,05), paha, dada dan lemak abdomen (P<0,01), tetapi berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap  karkas, sayap dan punggung. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa aras ragi tape berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap karkas, paha, sayap dan Fatty Lver Score, tetapi berpengaruh nyata terhadap  dada, punggung dan lemak leher (P<0,05)  dan sangat nyata terhadap  lemak abdominal (P<0,01). tdak terdapat interaksi antara aras protein dan aras ragi tape terhadap mutu karkas dan deposisi lemak. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa level protein yang lebih tinggi memperbaiki mutu karkas dan menurunkan deposisi lemak. Suplementasi ragi tape sebesar 0,5% efektif  dalam memperbaiki mutu karkas dan menurunkan deposisi lemak. Suplementasi ragi tape ke dalam pakan berprotein rendah tidak memperbaiki mutu karkas dan tidak menurunkan deposisi lemak pada broiler.

Kata kunci: Ragi tape, protein, mutu karkas, deposisi lemak

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on growth and lipid metabolism in animals

by: Urip Santoso 

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

            Recently, there is a great demand to produce healthier animal products. Consumers tended to consume animal products with the characteristics of low fat, low contaminated pathogenic microorganisms, low drug residues. Pertaining to these demands, many investigations have been conducted with some success and other unsuccess.

            It was recently proven that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), an uncomplete biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in rumen had beneficial effect on human health. Conjugated linoleic acid is collective terms describing a mixture of positional and geometric conjugated diene isomers of linoleic acid (Dunshea et al., 2002). CLA  is a general term for positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid, cis-9, cis-12 octadecadienoic acid, in which the deoble bonds are conjugated instead of being in the typical methylene interrupted configuration (Ham et al., 2002). Of the individual isomers of CLA, cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (c9,t11-18:2) has been suggested to be the most important in terms of biological activity because it is the major isomer. CLA can be produced by alkaline isomerization which are not fully characterized (Nicholas et al., 1951; Sehat et al., 1998).

Limited number of bacterial spp were reported to be able to produce CLA from linoleic acid (C_18:2) in vitro (Jiang et al., 1998). CLA has been shown to be produced from polyunsaturated fat by certain rumen microorganisms such as Butyrivibrio species (Forgety et al., 1988). More recently, it was reported that Propionibacterium freudenreichii commonly used as dairy starter culture, was able to produce CLA from free linoleic acid (Jiang et al., 1998). Pariza and Yang (2000) screened 45 cultures from whole intestinal tract of two conventional rats by measuring the conversion of linoleic acid to CLA with HPLC and GC, and developed the method of producing CLA with selected strain in Tris-HCl buffer. However, Ogawa et al. (2001) insisted after 4 days of reaction with washed cells of L. acidophilus transformed more than 95% of the added linoleic acid into CLA and cells themselves could be used as source of CLA. Ham et al. (2002) found CLA producing lactic acid bacteria idenfied to be Lactobacillus fermentum in feces of healthy babies. CLA producing lactic acid bacteria can be useful as a  starter culture for making milk products, a source of enzyme systems in the production of CLA, or a probiotic culture.　In vitro studies with mixed culture or pure strains of ruminal bacteria have shown that most bacteria are capable of hydrogenating linoleic acid (C18:2) to trans-C18:1 and related isomers, but only a few have the ability to hydrogenate C18:2 completely to stearic acid (Miles et al., 1970; Harfoot et al., 1973). Oleic acid (C18:1) was also extensively hydrogenated to stearic acid (C18:0) by ruminal bacteria in vitro (Song and Choi, 1998, Wong et al., 1999).

            Ha et al. (1987) found that a lipid fraction isolated from cooked ground beef had anticarcinogenics.Other investigations (Banni and Martin, 1998; Belury, 1995; Ip et al., 1999) also found that lipid known as CLA had anticarcinogenic activity in a wide range of animal models.

PENTINGNYA KOLESETEROL BAGI KESEHATAN KITA

Dikompilasi Oleh: Urip Santoso

Pengantar

            Allah memerintahkan kepada kita untuk makan makanan yang halal dan baik. Rasulullah memberi contoh agar kita makan dengan seimbang, atau tidak berlebih-lebihan. Allah juga menegaskan bahwa apa yang diciptakan itu pasti berguna dan tidak sia-sia. Kolesterol yang banyak ditakuti oleh manusia itu sesungguhnya sangat berguna bagi kesehatan manusia. Kolesterol akan mengganggu kesehatan jika dikonsumsi secara berlebih-lebihan.

I.                   Apa Itu Kolesterol

Kolesterol merupakan salah satu jenis lemak yang diproduksi oleh hati dan sangat diperlukan oleh tubuh.Tetapi kolesterol berlebih akan menimbulkan masalah, terutama pada
pembuluh darah jantung dan otak.Setiap orang memiliki kolesterol di dalam darahnya, di mana 50% diproduksi oleh tubuh sendiri dan 50% berasal dari makanan. Kolesterol yang diproduksi terdiri atas 2 jenis yaitu kolesterol HDL dan kolesterol LDL.

Dari hati, kolesterol diangkut oleh lipoprotein yang bernama LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) untuk dibawa ke sel-sel tubuh yang memerlukan, termasuk ke sel otot jantung, otak dan lain-lain agar dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Kolesterol LDL diperlukan dalam pemeliharaan membran plasma. Ketika LDL melalui pembuluh arteri sebagian kolesterol ditimbun di dinding arteri. Kelebihan kolesterol yang tertimbun di dinding artikel diangkut kembali oleh lipoprotein yang disebut HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) untuk dibawa kembali ke hati yang selanjutnya akan diuraikan lalu dibuang ke dalam kandung empedu sebagai asam empedu.

Effect of Protein and Saccharomyces cereviciae culture Levels on Carcass Quality and Fat Deposition in Broiler Chickens
Farahdiba, Urip Santoso dan Kususiyah
Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu
Jalan Raya W. R. Supratman, Bengkulu 38371 A
e-mail: santosoburgo60@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of level of protein and Saccharomyces cereviciae culture on carcass quality and fat deposition. One hundred and thirty three broilers were distributed to 9 treatment groups of 3 replicates each. Factorial Completely Randomized Experimental Design was used. Two factors used n the present study were three level of protein (15%, 18% and 21%) and three level of Saccharomyces cereviciae culture (0%, 0,5% and 1%). Expermental results showed that protein level of diet significantly affected Fatty Liver Score (P<0,05), leg, breast and abdominal fat weights (P<0,01), but it had no effect (P>0,05) on carcass, wing and back weight. Level of Saccharomyces cereviciae culture had no effect (P>0,05) on carcass, leg, wing weghts and Fatty Lver Score, but it significantly affected on breast, back and neck fat weight (P<0,05) abdominal fat weight (P<0,01). No interaction was found. In conclusion, higher protein level improved carcass quality and reduced fat deposition. In addition, supplementation of 0.5% Saccharomyces cereviciae culture was effective to improve carcass quality and to reduce fat deposition. Supplementation of Saccharomyces cereviciae culture to low protein diet did not improve carcass quality and fat deposition.
Key words: Saccharomyces cereviciae, protein, carcass quality, fat deposition

The beneficial effect of early feed restriction on growth, body composition and fat accumulation in broiler chickens: a review

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present review discusses the beneficial effect of early feed restriction program on improving feed efficiency, and lowering mortalities, metabolic diseases and fat accumulation in broiler chickens. This program reduced several metabolic disorders such as ascites, sudden death syndrome, heat stress mortality and leg abnormality. This program may improve drug metabolism and may change immune system in broiler chickens. The factors influencing the success of early feed restriction program included sex, method of feed restriction, strain, feed intake during refeeding, duration of feed restriction, initial age at which animlas were restricted, length of time allowed for refeeding, type of refeeding diet, type of houses and the severity of feed restriction. The application of early feed restriction in the farm condition resulted in better profit for the farmers. The early feed restriction could be used as a tool in improving feed efficiency, lowering mortalities and fat accumulation in broiler chickens (J. Indon. Trop. Anim. Agric., 28 (1): 39-48, 2003.

Effect of early feed restriction and high-fat realimentation diet on growth and fat accumulation in broiler chicks

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract (Media Veteriner. 2001, 8 (1): 19-23). The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction and high-fat realimentation diet on growth and fat accumulation in broiler chicks. Forty female broilers were obtained from a commercial hatchery (Chunky strain) and raised on cage pens. All chicks were allowed free access to feed from 1 to 7 days of age. At 7 days of age, all chicks were weighed individually, and divided into four groups as follows. The control group was fed ad libitum and the other three experimental groups were fed restrictly for 10 days at level of 55% ad libitum. At 18 days of age, broiler chicks were fed with diet containing 1, 1, 2.5, or 5.4% soybean oil for ad libitum group and other three treatment groups, respectively. As expected, the body weight and feed intake decreased in restricted chicks, regardless of a dietary fat level. Metabolizable energy, N utilization and feed efficiency were increased by feed restriction. It was evident that dietary fat improved these parameters further. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was decreased by an early feed restriction, whereas fatty acid synthetase activity was not significantly decreased. The high-fat realimentation diet decreased fatty acid synthetase activity but not acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Protein gain was significantly higher in restricted chicks as compared with the control. In conclusion, high-fat realimentation diet did not induce catch-up growth in broiler chicks. High-fat realimentation diet improved metabolizable energy and N utilization and feed efficiency. One factor that induced catch-up growth was the higher of protein gain during realimentation period.

Key words: early feed restriction, high-fat realimentation diet, fat accumulation, growth

Early skip-a-day feeding of female broiler chicks fed high-protein realimentation diets. Performance and body composition

U. Santoso1, K. Tanaka2 and S. Ohtani
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
2Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-11 Japan

Abstract. The effect of an early skip-a-day feeding program on performance and body composition of broiler chicks fed high-protein realimentation diets was studied. One-day-old female broiler chicks were withheld from feed for 2 d (0 to 2 d of age), and at 7 d of age three pens of 15 chicks each were randomly assigned to one of five treatments. One treatment (as the control) involved ad libitum access to feed, and other four treatments were subjected to a skip-a-day regimen from 7 to 13 d of age. From 14 to 20 d of age, chicks of the five treatment groups were fed diets containing 21, 21, 25, 30, or 35% protein. Thereafter, chicks were fed a commercial finisher mash diet (18% CP and 3,160 kcal/kg ME) until 56 d of age. Restricted chicks exhibited compensatory growth during the refeeding period, but the 35% CP realimentation diet impaired this phenomenon as indicated by lower recovery index. Chicks of the skip-a-day program, regardless of dietary protein level, had less abdominal fat, as compared with chicks that ate ad libitum. Incomparison with the control, less body fat and ash and greater protein contents were observed in chicks fed the 35% CP realimentation diet. Greater or less triglyceride content was observed in chicks fed 21% CP, or the 30 and 35% CP realimentation diet, respectively, whereas, less carcass triglyceride content was found in chicks fed 21 or 35% CP realimentation diet, as compared with the control group. In conclusion, data of current study show that female broilers subjected to skip-a-day feeding from 7 to 13 d of age fully recovered in body weight at 56 d, irrespective of dietary protein fed during the first 7 d after skip-a-day feeding. Skip-a-day feeding also resulted in reduced 56-d abdominal fat, irrespective of dietary protein fed from 14 to 20 d. Treatment effects on lipid components of livers and carcass varied, especially with respect to dietary protein concentration fed during early realimentation (Poultry Science, 74:494-501, 1995).

Key words: skip-a-day feeding, compensatory growth, abdominal fat, body fat, triglyceride.

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on Growth, Fat Accumulation and Meat Composition in Unsexed Broiler Chickens

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Five hundred 7-day-old unsexed broiler chickens were distributed into ten treatment groups with 5 pens of 10 broilers each group. One group was fed ad libitum as the control and other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6, or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, respectively. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 56 days of age. The present results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days (P<0.05). Triglyceride concentration of serum was significantly lower in restricted unsexed broilers (P<0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not significantly different. Abdominal fat was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 days and 75% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days (P<0.05). Moisture and protein contents of meats were not significantly affected. Ash content of meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers. Fat content of meat was lower broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 or 9 days. In conclusion, broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed at an early age. In order to achieve the success of early feed restriction (namely reduce fat accumulation and improve feed conversion ratio with comparable body weight at market age) unsexed broilers should be fed at level of 25% ad libitum for 9 days starting at 7 days of age. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2001, 14 (11): 1585-1591.

Key words: early feed restriction, compensatory growth, meat composition, unsexed broilers

Effects of early Feed Restriction on Breast and Leg Meat Composition and Plasma Lipid Concentration in Unsexed Broiler Chickens Reared in Cages

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. In experiment 1, three hundred and fifty one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 7 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chickens at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days. In experiment 2, five hundred broiler chickens were divided into 10 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three ages of feed restriction initial timing (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three types of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding, and diet dilution) were used in this experiment. They were feed-restricted for 6 days. Experimental results showed that broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 4-6 days tended to reduce leg meat fat with lower abdominal fat (P<0.05) (experiment 1). Breast meat fat was significantly higher in restricted broilers (P<0.01). Plasma triglyceride was higher in broilers fed 75% ad libitum for 4-6 days. In experiment 2, abdominal fat was lower in restricted broilers (P<0.05). Breast meat fat was significantly higher (P<0.01), whereas leg meat fat was significantly lower (P<0.05) in restricted broilers. Plasma triglyceride was significantly higher in physical feed restriction for 4 days, meal feeding for 4 days and diet dilution for 6 days (P<0.05). In conclusion, to reduce fat accumulation in abdomen and leg meat, broilers should be fed 25% ad libitum for 6 days started at 4 days of age, or subjected to meal feeding (6 hours per day for 6 days) started at 6 days. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 15 (10):1475-1481, 2002).

Key words: early feed restriction, breast meat, leg meat, plasma lipid, unsexed broilers

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on the Occurrence of Compensatory Growth, Feed Conversion Efficiency, Leg Abnormality and Mortality in Unsexed Broil

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: Two experiment were conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality in unsexed broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 350 one-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 7 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chickens at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days. In experiment 2, 500 broiler chickens were divided into 10 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three ages of feed restriction initial timing (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three types of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding, and diet dilution) were used in this experiment. They were feed-restricted for 6 days. Results showed that restricted broilers exhibited compensatory growth in both experiment except for diet dilution groups. In both experiment, FCR of restricted broilers was higher, whereas feed intake of them was lower during restriction period. FCR of restricted broilers was lower upon refeeding. Mortality was inconsistently affected by early feed restriction. Leg abnormality was lower in restricted broilers in both experiments. Level of feed restriction significantly influenced body weight, FCR and feed intake of restricted broilers (P<0.05), but duration of feed restriction had no effect. Type of restriction significantly affected body weight, feed intake and FCR (P<0.05). It appeared that to achieve the best result (complete compensatory growth and better FCR), broilers should be restricted at 25% ad libitum for 6 days (experiment 1). Meal feeding started at 2 days of age would show the best performance (Experiment 2). (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 15 (9): 1319-1325).
Key words: early feed restriction, compensatory growth, leg abnormality, mortality

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on Internal Organ and Carcss Weights of Unsexed Broilers

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract (J. Trop. Anim. Dev., 27 (2): 61-66, 2002)
The study was conducted to evaluate effect of early feed restriction on internal organ and carcass weights of broiler chickens. Three hundred 7-day old unsexed broiler were randomly assigned to one of ten treatment groups as follows. Chicks were fed ad libitum as the control (Po), and other 9 groups were feed-restricted at level of 25% ad libitum for 3 (P1), 6 (P2) or 9 days (P3), 50% ad libitum for 3 (P4), 6 (P5) or 9 days (P6), or 75% ad libitum for 3 (P7), 6 (P8) or 9 days (P9), respectively. All chicks were fed ad libitum after the end of feed restriction. In comparison with the control, P6, P7, P8, P9 had significantly higher heart weight. Gizzard weight was significantly higher in P1, P2, P3 and P7 (P<0.05). Spleen weight was significantly higher in P1, P5, P6, P8. Intestine weight was significantly higher in P3, P5, P6, P8 as compared with Po at 42 days of age. At 56 days of age, heart weight was significantly higher in P3, P6 as compared with the Po (P<0.05). Liver weight was significantly lower in P4, P7 (P<0.05). Spleen weight was significantly lower in restricted chicks (P<0.05). At 56 days of age, carcass weights and their parts were not significantly different. In conclusion, the capacity of internal organ especially gastrointestinal tract was increased during refeeding period till 42 days of age to allow the broiler chickens achieve the normal weight at a given age.
Key words: internal organ, carcass, early feed restriction, unsexed broilers

Effect of Early Feed Restriction and High-Fat Realimentation Diet on Growth and Fat Accumulation in Broiler Chicks

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract (Media Veteriner, 2001, 8 (1):19-23. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction and high-fat realimentation diet on growth and fat accumulation in broiler chicks. Forty female broilers were obtained from a commercial hatchery and raised on cage pens. All chicks were allowed free access to feed from 1 to 7 days of age. At 7 days of age, all chicks were weighed individually, and divided into four groups as follows: The control group was fed ad libitum and the other three experimental groups were fed-restricted for 10 days at level of 55% ad libitum. At 18 days of age, broiler chicks were fed with diet containing 1, 1, 2.5 or 5.4% soybean oil ad libitum and other three treatment groups, respectively. As expected, the body weight and feed intake decreased in restricted chicks, regardless of a dietary fat level. Metabolizable energy, N utilization and feed efficiency were increased by feed restriction. It was evident that dietary fat improved these parameters further. Protein gain was significantly higher in restricted chicks as compared with the control. In conclusion, high-fat realimentation diet did not induce catch up growth in broiler chicks. High fat realimentation diet improved metabolizable energy and N utilization and feed efficiency. One factor that induced catch up growth was the higher of protein gain during realimentation period
Key words: early feed restriction, high-fat realimentation diet, fat accumulation, growth.

Effects of Early Physical Feed restriction on Growth, Serum Lipid Fractions and Meat Composition in Unsexed Broiler Chikens

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical early feed restriction on growth, serum lipid fractions and meat composition of broiler chickens. Five hundred broilers (7 days of age) were divided into 10 groups and five times repetition.one group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 42 days of age. The broilers were fed with a commercial starter diet from 1 to 28 days of age, and commercial finisher diet from 29 to 42 days of age. The broilers were weighed individually on a weekly basic except during the feed restriction period. The feed comsumption was recorded daily. The results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth if they were fed 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, or 50% ad libitum for 3 days. The feed coversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 or 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 days (P<0.05). Triglyceride concentration in serum was significantly lower in restricted broilers (P<0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not different. Abdominal fat was not significantly different. Ash meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers the content of moisture, fat, and protein in meat was not significantly different. In conclusion, to achieve the best results, broilers should be fed 75% or 50% ad libitum for 3 days. (Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, 5 (3): 73-77, 2002).

Key words : Early feed restriction, compensatory growth, meat composition, broiler

Effect of High-Protein and Fat Realimentation Diets on Growth and Fat Deposition in Broiler Chickens Aged Twenty Eight Days

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract:
The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of high-protein and fat realimentation diet on performance and fat accumulation in females broilers aged twenty eight. Forty seven days old female broilers were distributed into four groups. One group were fed ad libitum (21% crude protein) as the control. Other three groups were feed restricted to meet energy requirement for maintenance for 6 days, and then during refeeding they received diet 30% protein with 1% fat, 30% protein with 2.5% fat and 30% protein with 5.4% fat, respectively. Experimental results showed that feeding 30% protein diet with low fat stimulated catch-up growth, whereas feeding 30% feeding diet with high fat did not. Feeding 30% protein with low fat increased carcass weight (P<0.01), reduced abdominal fat, carcass triglyceride. In conclusion, feeding high-protein realimentation: diet stimulated catch-up growth and reduced fat accumulation. Feeding high-protein plus high-fat realimentation diet did not resulted in catch-up growth and recovered carcass triglyceride content. (Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan, 7 (3): 1-5, 2001

Key words: High-protein plus fat Realimentation Diet, Catch-up Growth, Fat Accumulation

Konsentrat Nabati Berbahan Lokal untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Kambing Rakyat

Endang Sulistyowati, Urip Santoso dan Sigit Mujiharjo
Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Abstrat: Program vucer ini bertujuan memperkenalkan konsentrat nabati dengan memanfaatkan bahan-bahan yang tersedia di lokasi. Sumber pakan inkonvensional seperti daun ubi kayu dan daun pepaya dapat diformulasikan dalam ransum disamping bahan lainnya. Kegiatan ini terdiri atas sosialisasi, demonstrasi pembuatan dan aplikasi konsentrat nabati pada ternak. Komposisi konsentrat nabati adalah jagung giling (13%), tepung gaplek (48%), tepung daun ubi kayu (10%), dedak (25%), urea (2%), minyak manis (0,5%), garam (0,5%) dan daun pepaya (1%). Dengan pemberian konsentrat nabati dihasilkan produksi susu sebanyak 0,2 l/ekor/hari dan pertambahan bobot badan anak kambing sebesar 0,2 kg/minggu (Dharma Raflesia, 1 (1):14-18.
Kata kunci: kambing laktasi, konsentrat nabati, produksi susu.

Penggunaan Limbah Restoran sebagai Bahan Pakan Alternatif untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Produksi pada Peternakan Broiler Rakyat

Urip Santoso, Desia Kaharudin, Yosi Fenita, Suharyanto dan Nurmeilasari
Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Abstrak: Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan dan menerapakan tepung limbah restoran untuk bahan pakan pada peternakan broiler rakyat. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan, pelatihan, konsultai, pendampingan dan demplot. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa sebelum penyuluhan 100% peternak tidak tahu bahwa limbah restoran dapat digunakan sebagai pakan pada ayam broiler. Setelah dilakukan pelatihan, penyuluhan, konsultasi, pendampingan dan demplot 50% peternak yakin akan manfaat limbah restoran bagi broiler. Namun belum ada yang menerapkannya. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain tidak adanya suplai tepung limbah restoran yang dapat mensuplai kkebutuhan limbah restoran bagi peternak. Hasil demplot menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tepung limbah restoran dapat diberikan kepada ayam broiler sebanyak 10% sebagai pengganti jagung. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan tepung limbah restoran memberikan dampak positif bagi peternakan broiler rakyat dan memberikan keuntungan yang lebih besar. Para peternaka tertarik untuk menggunakan tepung limbah restoran pada peternakannya asalkan tersedia cukup dan murah. Perlu adanya stimulasi industri pengolahan limbah restoran di Bengkulu (Dharma Raflesia, 1 (1): 40-45.
Kata kunci: limbah restoran, broiler, efisiensi produksi