Sunday, February 28, 2010

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on Growth, Fat Accumulation and Meat Composition in Unsexed Broiler Chickens

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Five hundred 7-day-old unsexed broiler chickens were distributed into ten treatment groups with 5 pens of 10 broilers each group. One group was fed ad libitum as the control and other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6, or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, respectively. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 56 days of age. The present results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days (P<0.05). Triglyceride concentration of serum was significantly lower in restricted unsexed broilers (P<0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not significantly different. Abdominal fat was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 days and 75% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days (P<0.05). Moisture and protein contents of meats were not significantly affected. Ash content of meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers. Fat content of meat was lower broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 or 9 days. In conclusion, broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed at an early age. In order to achieve the success of early feed restriction (namely reduce fat accumulation and improve feed conversion ratio with comparable body weight at market age) unsexed broilers should be fed at level of 25% ad libitum for 9 days starting at 7 days of age. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2001, 14 (11): 1585-1591.

Key words: early feed restriction, compensatory growth, meat composition, unsexed broilers

Friday, February 26, 2010

Effects of early Feed Restriction on Breast and Leg Meat Composition and Plasma Lipid Concentration in Unsexed Broiler Chickens Reared in Cages

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. In experiment 1, three hundred and fifty one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 7 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chickens at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days. In experiment 2, five hundred broiler chickens were divided into 10 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three ages of feed restriction initial timing (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three types of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding, and diet dilution) were used in this experiment. They were feed-restricted for 6 days. Experimental results showed that broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 4-6 days tended to reduce leg meat fat with lower abdominal fat (P<0.05) (experiment 1). Breast meat fat was significantly higher in restricted broilers (P<0.01). Plasma triglyceride was higher in broilers fed 75% ad libitum for 4-6 days. In experiment 2, abdominal fat was lower in restricted broilers (P<0.05). Breast meat fat was significantly higher (P<0.01), whereas leg meat fat was significantly lower (P<0.05) in restricted broilers. Plasma triglyceride was significantly higher in physical feed restriction for 4 days, meal feeding for 4 days and diet dilution for 6 days (P<0.05). In conclusion, to reduce fat accumulation in abdomen and leg meat, broilers should be fed 25% ad libitum for 6 days started at 4 days of age, or subjected to meal feeding (6 hours per day for 6 days) started at 6 days. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 15 (10):1475-1481, 2002).

Key words: early feed restriction, breast meat, leg meat, plasma lipid, unsexed broilers

Thursday, February 25, 2010

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on the Occurrence of Compensatory Growth, Feed Conversion Efficiency, Leg Abnormality and Mortality in Unsexed Broil

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: Two experiment were conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality in unsexed broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 350 one-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 7 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chickens at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days. In experiment 2, 500 broiler chickens were divided into 10 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three ages of feed restriction initial timing (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three types of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding, and diet dilution) were used in this experiment. They were feed-restricted for 6 days. Results showed that restricted broilers exhibited compensatory growth in both experiment except for diet dilution groups. In both experiment, FCR of restricted broilers was higher, whereas feed intake of them was lower during restriction period. FCR of restricted broilers was lower upon refeeding. Mortality was inconsistently affected by early feed restriction. Leg abnormality was lower in restricted broilers in both experiments. Level of feed restriction significantly influenced body weight, FCR and feed intake of restricted broilers (P<0.05), but duration of feed restriction had no effect. Type of restriction significantly affected body weight, feed intake and FCR (P<0.05). It appeared that to achieve the best result (complete compensatory growth and better FCR), broilers should be restricted at 25% ad libitum for 6 days (experiment 1). Meal feeding started at 2 days of age would show the best performance (Experiment 2). (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 15 (9): 1319-1325).
Key words: early feed restriction, compensatory growth, leg abnormality, mortality

Sunday, February 21, 2010

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on Internal Organ and Carcss Weights of Unsexed Broilers

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract (J. Trop. Anim. Dev., 27 (2): 61-66, 2002)
The study was conducted to evaluate effect of early feed restriction on internal organ and carcass weights of broiler chickens. Three hundred 7-day old unsexed broiler were randomly assigned to one of ten treatment groups as follows. Chicks were fed ad libitum as the control (Po), and other 9 groups were feed-restricted at level of 25% ad libitum for 3 (P1), 6 (P2) or 9 days (P3), 50% ad libitum for 3 (P4), 6 (P5) or 9 days (P6), or 75% ad libitum for 3 (P7), 6 (P8) or 9 days (P9), respectively. All chicks were fed ad libitum after the end of feed restriction. In comparison with the control, P6, P7, P8, P9 had significantly higher heart weight. Gizzard weight was significantly higher in P1, P2, P3 and P7 (P<0.05). Spleen weight was significantly higher in P1, P5, P6, P8. Intestine weight was significantly higher in P3, P5, P6, P8 as compared with Po at 42 days of age. At 56 days of age, heart weight was significantly higher in P3, P6 as compared with the Po (P<0.05). Liver weight was significantly lower in P4, P7 (P<0.05). Spleen weight was significantly lower in restricted chicks (P<0.05). At 56 days of age, carcass weights and their parts were not significantly different. In conclusion, the capacity of internal organ especially gastrointestinal tract was increased during refeeding period till 42 days of age to allow the broiler chickens achieve the normal weight at a given age.
Key words: internal organ, carcass, early feed restriction, unsexed broilers

Saturday, February 20, 2010

Effect of Early Feed Restriction and High-Fat Realimentation Diet on Growth and Fat Accumulation in Broiler Chicks

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract (Media Veteriner, 2001, 8 (1):19-23. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction and high-fat realimentation diet on growth and fat accumulation in broiler chicks. Forty female broilers were obtained from a commercial hatchery and raised on cage pens. All chicks were allowed free access to feed from 1 to 7 days of age. At 7 days of age, all chicks were weighed individually, and divided into four groups as follows: The control group was fed ad libitum and the other three experimental groups were fed-restricted for 10 days at level of 55% ad libitum. At 18 days of age, broiler chicks were fed with diet containing 1, 1, 2.5 or 5.4% soybean oil ad libitum and other three treatment groups, respectively. As expected, the body weight and feed intake decreased in restricted chicks, regardless of a dietary fat level. Metabolizable energy, N utilization and feed efficiency were increased by feed restriction. It was evident that dietary fat improved these parameters further. Protein gain was significantly higher in restricted chicks as compared with the control. In conclusion, high-fat realimentation diet did not induce catch up growth in broiler chicks. High fat realimentation diet improved metabolizable energy and N utilization and feed efficiency. One factor that induced catch up growth was the higher of protein gain during realimentation period
Key words: early feed restriction, high-fat realimentation diet, fat accumulation, growth.

Thursday, February 18, 2010

Effects of Early Physical Feed restriction on Growth, Serum Lipid Fractions and Meat Composition in Unsexed Broiler Chikens

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical early feed restriction on growth, serum lipid fractions and meat composition of broiler chickens. Five hundred broilers (7 days of age) were divided into 10 groups and five times repetition.one group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 42 days of age. The broilers were fed with a commercial starter diet from 1 to 28 days of age, and commercial finisher diet from 29 to 42 days of age. The broilers were weighed individually on a weekly basic except during the feed restriction period. The feed comsumption was recorded daily. The results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth if they were fed 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, or 50% ad libitum for 3 days. The feed coversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 or 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 days (P<0.05). Triglyceride concentration in serum was significantly lower in restricted broilers (P<0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not different. Abdominal fat was not significantly different. Ash meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers the content of moisture, fat, and protein in meat was not significantly different. In conclusion, to achieve the best results, broilers should be fed 75% or 50% ad libitum for 3 days. (Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, 5 (3): 73-77, 2002).

Key words : Early feed restriction, compensatory growth, meat composition, broiler

Wednesday, February 17, 2010

Effect of High-Protein and Fat Realimentation Diets on Growth and Fat Deposition in Broiler Chickens Aged Twenty Eight Days

Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract:
The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of high-protein and fat realimentation diet on performance and fat accumulation in females broilers aged twenty eight. Forty seven days old female broilers were distributed into four groups. One group were fed ad libitum (21% crude protein) as the control. Other three groups were feed restricted to meet energy requirement for maintenance for 6 days, and then during refeeding they received diet 30% protein with 1% fat, 30% protein with 2.5% fat and 30% protein with 5.4% fat, respectively. Experimental results showed that feeding 30% protein diet with low fat stimulated catch-up growth, whereas feeding 30% feeding diet with high fat did not. Feeding 30% protein with low fat increased carcass weight (P<0.01), reduced abdominal fat, carcass triglyceride. In conclusion, feeding high-protein realimentation: diet stimulated catch-up growth and reduced fat accumulation. Feeding high-protein plus high-fat realimentation diet did not resulted in catch-up growth and recovered carcass triglyceride content. (Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan, 7 (3): 1-5, 2001

Key words: High-protein plus fat Realimentation Diet, Catch-up Growth, Fat Accumulation

Monday, February 15, 2010

Ten Pillars of Livestock Production

By: Urip Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Indonesia.

There is many problems in developing animal production in developing country such as Indonesia. Therefore, some efforts should be conducted to solve the problems. It was known that there is gap between developed country and developing country pertaining to animal production development. Here I write ten pillars which may solve the problem especially in developing country. This ten pillars of livestock management is called Dasasila Peternakan (Indonesia). This ten pillars has been presented in ISMAPETI conference held in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia at May 17, 2004. The concept of ten pillars is as follows:


1. Good interaction among the people who has activity in livestock production. This include goverment, consumers, industries, producer etc.
2. Good interaction between the people who has activity in livestock production and their environment.
3. Development of local feedstuff which could replace conventional feedstuff.
4. Integrated breeding.
5. Integrated livestock bussiness planning.
6. Good environmental management.
7. To develop optimal health for livestock, producers, consumers and others.
8. Fund management and simple procedur for bussiness and funding aids for small bussiness.
9. Integrated marketing.
10. Good welfare for livestock, producers and consumers.
This ten pillars should be implemented as integrated system.

Saturday, February 13, 2010

Konsentrat Nabati Berbahan Lokal untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Kambing Rakyat

Endang Sulistyowati, Urip Santoso dan Sigit Mujiharjo
Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Abstrat: Program vucer ini bertujuan memperkenalkan konsentrat nabati dengan memanfaatkan bahan-bahan yang tersedia di lokasi. Sumber pakan inkonvensional seperti daun ubi kayu dan daun pepaya dapat diformulasikan dalam ransum disamping bahan lainnya. Kegiatan ini terdiri atas sosialisasi, demonstrasi pembuatan dan aplikasi konsentrat nabati pada ternak. Komposisi konsentrat nabati adalah jagung giling (13%), tepung gaplek (48%), tepung daun ubi kayu (10%), dedak (25%), urea (2%), minyak manis (0,5%), garam (0,5%) dan daun pepaya (1%). Dengan pemberian konsentrat nabati dihasilkan produksi susu sebanyak 0,2 l/ekor/hari dan pertambahan bobot badan anak kambing sebesar 0,2 kg/minggu (Dharma Raflesia, 1 (1):14-18.
Kata kunci: kambing laktasi, konsentrat nabati, produksi susu.

Penggunaan Limbah Restoran sebagai Bahan Pakan Alternatif untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Produksi pada Peternakan Broiler Rakyat

Urip Santoso, Desia Kaharudin, Yosi Fenita, Suharyanto dan Nurmeilasari
Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Abstrak: Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan dan menerapakan tepung limbah restoran untuk bahan pakan pada peternakan broiler rakyat. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan, pelatihan, konsultai, pendampingan dan demplot. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa sebelum penyuluhan 100% peternak tidak tahu bahwa limbah restoran dapat digunakan sebagai pakan pada ayam broiler. Setelah dilakukan pelatihan, penyuluhan, konsultasi, pendampingan dan demplot 50% peternak yakin akan manfaat limbah restoran bagi broiler. Namun belum ada yang menerapkannya. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain tidak adanya suplai tepung limbah restoran yang dapat mensuplai kkebutuhan limbah restoran bagi peternak. Hasil demplot menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tepung limbah restoran dapat diberikan kepada ayam broiler sebanyak 10% sebagai pengganti jagung. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan tepung limbah restoran memberikan dampak positif bagi peternakan broiler rakyat dan memberikan keuntungan yang lebih besar. Para peternaka tertarik untuk menggunakan tepung limbah restoran pada peternakannya asalkan tersedia cukup dan murah. Perlu adanya stimulasi industri pengolahan limbah restoran di Bengkulu (Dharma Raflesia, 1 (1): 40-45.
Kata kunci: limbah restoran, broiler, efisiensi produksi

Palatability Test and Length of Storage of Sakura Block and Its Effect on Nutrient Digestibility in Male Kacang Goat

Jarmuji, Urip Santoso, and Irma Badarina
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the palatability, storage of sakura block and its effect on digestibility in male kacang goat. Twelve 56-weeks male kacang goats were distributed to three treatment groups of four kacang goats each. One group was fed setaria grass (Po), and other two groups were fed setaria grass plus UMB fomula 1 (P1) and setaria grass plus UMB formula 2 (P2). The results showed that formula 1 had significant palatability than formula 2 (P<0.05). Sakura Block could be stored for 3 weeks in field condition. Sakura Block supplementation had no effect on dry matter and organic matter digestibility (P>0.05) but reduced anorganic matter digestibility (P<0.05). Sakura Block significantly increased the weight of feces (P<0.05). In conclusion, sakura block reduced anorganic matter digestibility but increased feces secretion in kacang goat (Jurnal Penelitian UNIB, 12 (1):26-31.
Key words: palatability, storage, sakura block, digestibility, kacang goat

Friday, February 12, 2010

The Effect of Urea-Multinutrient Supplementation on the Growth of Kacang Goat

U. Santoso, I. Badarina and Warnoto
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University

Abstract: The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of urea-multinutrient block (UMB) supplementation on the growth of kacang goat. Twelve 56-weeks male kacang goats were distributed to three treatment groups of four kacang goats each. One group was fed setaria grass (Po), and other two groups were fed setaria grass plus UMB fomula 1 (P1) and setaria grass plus UMB formula 2 (P2). Experimental results showed that UMB supplementation resulted in higher body weight gain (P<0.05) as compared to the control. Grass consumption was not affected by UMB supplementation. The supplementation of UMB block formula 1 resulted in the highest income over feed cost. In cocnclusion, UMB supplementation increased body weight gain of kacang goat (J. Indon. Trop. Anim. Agric. 30 (3):157-161.
Key words: multinutrient, UMB, body weight gain, kacang goat

Thursday, February 4, 2010

Effect of Fermented product from Bacillus subtili on nitrogen uric acid and ammonia in Broiler Faeces

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented product from Bacillus subtilis (FPBS) on uric acid, nitrogen and ammonia in broiler faeces. Forty broiler chickens aged 7 days were distributed to 4 treatment groups as follows: One treatment group was fed diet contained 0% FPBS as the control grup, and other three treatment groups were fed diet contained 0.5%, 1% or 2% FPBS, respectively. Experimental results showed that N-urate content of faeces in broiler chickens fed 1% FPBS was the lowest at week 2 after treatment, whereas 2% FPBS supplementation was the highest. Supplementation of 2% FPBS had the higher N-ammonia at week 2 and week 3 after treatment. Supplementation 1% or 2% FPBS reduced ammonia gas release at week 4 after treatment. Furthermore, the present results showed that supplementation of FPBS had no effect on the contents of nitrogen, uric acid and ammonia in faeces. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 - 2% FPBS to diet decreased ammonia gas release.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis, nitrogen, ammonia, uric acid
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