Penggunaan Ekstak Saropus androgynus untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Produksi dan Mutu Telur pada Peternakan Ayam Arab Petelur

Oleh: Urip Santoso dan Suharyanto

Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Jalan Raya W.R. Supratman, Bengkulu

Telpon (0736) 21170, eks. 219; e-mail: santosoburgo60@ahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sauropus androgynus extract (SAE) on production、egg quality and cholesterol content in Arab chickens. Three level of extract supplementation was evaluated. One group of layers was fed diet without SAE (control), other  groups were fed diet with 4.5 g SAE/kg diet or 9 g SAE/kg diet. Each group contained 8 birds which was kept in individual cage. Experimental results showed that the SAE supplementation increased egg production. Yolk colour was increased in layer fed SAE. Egg cholesterol content tended to be increased by SAE supplementation. In conclusion, SAE supplementation improved egg production and quality.

Key words: Sauropus androgynus,  egg production, egg quality, cholesterol

ABSTRAK

Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi ekstrak daun katuk (EDK) untuk meningkatkan produksi dan mutu telur. Dua puluh empat ayam Arab didistrbusikan ke dalam 3 perlakuan. Satu kelompok tidak diberi EDK (kontrol), sedangkan kelompok lainna diberi 4,5 g EDK/kg pakan atau 9 g EDK/kg pakan. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas 8 ekor ayam Arab petelur yang dipelihara dalam kandang kawat individu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ayam petelur yang diberi ekstrak daun katuk (4,5 g maupun 9 g/kg pakan) meningkatkan produksi telur. Warna kuning telur juga meningkat, dimana untuk kontrol nilainya 4,38, untuk yang diberi 4,5 g ekstrak 4,75 dan yang diberi 9 g ekstrak 5,75. Sementara variabel kualitas telur lain seperti tebal kerabang, indeks kuning telur, indeks putih telur dan HU tidak banyak perubahan. Hasil analisis kolesterol menunjukkan bahwa pemberian EDK cenderung menurunkan kadar kolesterol telur. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi EDK memperbaiki produksi dan mutu telur.

Kata kunci: Katuk,  mutu telur, produksi telur, kolesterol

Reduction of fat accumulation in broiler chickens by Sauropus androgynus (katuk) leaf meal supplementation

U. Santoso and Sartini

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University
Jl. Raya Kandang Limun, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of Sauropus androgynus leaf (SAL) meal on reducing fat accumulation in broiler chickens. Eighty unsexed broiler chickens were allocated to four treatment groups with five replicates of four chickens each. SAL meal supplementation had no effect on body, leg, back, breast, wing, liver and heart weights, carcass protein, moisture and ash cotnets (P>0.05). Broiler fed diets supplemented with 30 g of SAL meal had lower feed intake with better feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) than did the control chickens. SAL supplementation at all levels significantly reduced fat accumulation in abdomen region, and liver (P<0.01), and in carcass (P<0.05). Higher SAL supplementation resulted in lower fat accumulation in the carcass (r2= 0.94; P<0.01), abdomen (r2=0.99; P<0.01) and liver (r2=0.98; P<0.01). The current study showed that a 30 g supplementation of SAL meal to the broiler diet (30 g SAL meal/kg diet) was effective to improve feed conversion ratio without reducing body weight. SAL meal supplementation to the diet reduced fat accumulation in broiler chickens (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 14 (3): 346-350)
Key words: Sauropus androgynus leaf meal, caracass fat, abdominal fat, broiler

MANFAAT DAUN KATUK BAGI KESEHATAN MANUSIA DAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK

Oleh: Prof. Urip santoso

            Setelah manusia mengarungi samudra dunia modern dengan segala kemudahan sebagai hasil perkembangan teknologi, manusia mulai menyadari bahwa segala sesuatu yang tidak seimbang, tidak fitrah atau tidak alami dapat membawa akibat kurang baik bagi kesehatannya. Perubahan pola makan manusia modern ternyata mengakibatkan berbagai penyakit yang dahulunya kurang dominan sebagai penyebab kematian, sekarang menduduki peringkat atas. Semakin hari semakin banyak manusia yang terkena kanker, stroke, penyakit penyempitan pembuluh darah, penyakit jantung, kencing manis, dan berbagai penyakit degeneratif lainnya, sebagai akibat salah makan atau makan yang berlebihan.
            Hal ini kemudian memicu masyarakat untuk kembali ke alam. Diyakini bahwa sesuatu yang alami baik pada pola pangan, ataupun penggunaan bahan alami sebagai obat akan membawa efek negatif yang lebih sedikit. Dengan demikian, umur fisiologis dari sel dapat diperpanjang. Di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat misalnya, penggunaan tumbuhan obat sebagai alternatif obat kimia telah  banyak di teliti dan diproduksi. Tumbuhan obat juga telah banyak diteliti untuk meningkatkan kesehatan dan produktivitas ternak.
            Indonesia dengan kekayaan keanekaragaman hayatinya, mempunyai potensi yang sangat besar untuk menyediakan obat alami, mengingat banyak tumbuhan obat yang tumbuh dengan baik. Sejak jaman dulu bangsa Indonesia telah mengenal tumbuhan obat dan memanfaatkannya untuk menjaga kesehatan dan mengobati penyakit. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat tersebut diperoleh berdasarkan empirik dan pengalaman yang diturunkan dari nenek moyang kita. Pengobatan dengan bahan asal tumbuhan disebut fitoterapi yang dalam penerapannya pada waktu ini dikenal dalam bentuk jamu dan fitofarma.
            Sampai dengan pertengahan abad XX fitoterapi memegang peranan penting untuk upaya pencegahan dan penyembuhan penyakit. Setelah mengalami masa surut akibat desakan bahan aktif hasil sintesis kimia, pada 20 tahun terakhir ini bahan obat asal tumbuh-tumbuhan semakin mendapat perhatian kembali, baik sebagai obat tradisional jamu, fitofarma maupun sumber senyawa murni. Kecenderungan ini banyak didorong oleh berbagai kejadian buruk akibat obat yang berasal dari senyawa kimia hasil sintesis dan juga tidak lepas dari kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi terkait, seperti botani, kimia, farmasi dan farmakologi yang memungkinkan konsep metode berdasar dan lebih pasti atas khasiat sediaannya. Oleh karena itu, khasiatnya tidak usah diragukan lagi.
            Sediaan asal tumbuhan yang sudah jelas khasiat, keamanan dan stabilitasnya disebut fitofarmaka. Jadi, industri fitofarmaka adalah industri farmasi yang bersumber pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan merupakan produk IPTEK  tumbuhan obat. Pengembangan industri fitofarmaka akan mendorong usaha pelestarian tumbuhan obat dan industri budidaya tanaman obat, simplisia, sediaan galenik, fraksi atau kelompok senyawa bioaktif yang mempunyai mutu standar dan lebih jauh ke arah kemoterapi.
            Salah satu tumbuhan obat yang berpotensi besar namun belum banyak dilirik dan dikembangkan sebagai komoditas unggulan adalah “katuk” (Sauropus androgynus).

Effects of fermented products from chub mackerel extract on growth and carcass composition, hepatic lipogenesis and on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the thigh muscle of broilers

K. Tanaka, B. S. Youn, U. Santoso*, S. Ohtani and M. Sakaida

Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fermented products from chub mackerel extracts (fermented mackerel extracts) on growth, carcass composition, contents of various lipid fractions in the liver, the serum, and the thigh muscle, and activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of broilers. Fermented mackerel extracts supplementation resulted ini an insignificant slight increase in final body weights of broilers. Fermented mackerel extract did not affect liver weights, but abdominal fat weights of female broilers were significantly decreased by the addition of 2.0% fermented mackerel extracts. Lipid fraction contents of the serum and the liver of broilers were unaffected by fermented mackerel extracts. Triglyceride and free cholesterol contents of the thigh muscle of broilers were significantly decreased or tended to be decreased by adding 1.0 or 2.0% fermented mackerel extracts. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and faftty acid synthetase in the liver were not affected by dietary feremented mackerel extracts. However, activities of malic enzyme, citrate cleavage enzyme and HMG-CoA reductase in the liver were significantly decreased by 1.0 or 2.0% fertmented mackerel extracts. Dietary fermented mackerel extracts tended to decrease the proportion of crude fat and to increase that of moisture in broiler carcasses (Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn), 63 (1): 32-37, 1992
Key words: chub mackerel extracts, broilers, hepatic lipogenesis, carcass composition, abdominal fat

Effects of fermented products from the chub mackerel on growth, and on lipogenesis and contents of various lipids in the liver of growing chicks

K. Tanaka, B. S. Youn, S. Ohtani and M. Sakaida

Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan

Abstract. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fermented products from the chub mackerel on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the plasma, and on activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of growing chicks. Forty chicks (SCWL male, 4 weeks of age) were weighed individually and divided into five groups of eaight chicks each, which were fed the diet containing either 0 (control group), 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2% with fermented products from the chub mackerel (chub mackerel extracts). Chicks were fed the experimental diets for 21 days. Dietary chub mackerel extracts improved body weight gains of chicks. Abdominal fat weights were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackerel extracts. The 1.0 or 2% extracts to the diet showed the tendency of decreases in the triglyceride and free cholesterol concentrations in the plasma of chicks. When 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackerel extract was supplemented to the diet, the triglyceride and free cholesterol contents in the liver of chicks were significantly decreased. Similarly, the addition of more than 0.5% extracts to the diet caused significantly reduction in the cholesterol in the liver of chicks. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the liver of chicks tended to be decreased and were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2% chub mackerel extracts to the diet (Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 61 (12): 1102-1106, 1990.
Key words: chub mackerel extract, growing chick, lipogenesis, HMG-CoA reductase

Effect of fermented chub mackerel extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed diets without cholesterol

U. Santoso*, S. Ishikawa and K. Tanaka

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
Abtract. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in rats fed diets without cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats with 0, 1 or 2% FCME supplementation to the diets. Ourified diets were used in the present study. Feed and water were fed ad libitum. FCME supplementation had no effect on the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and the content of free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids in the liver (P>0.05). 1% FCME supplementation significantly increased serum triglyceride (P<0.05) and hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (P<0.05) with no effect on serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipids concentration. FCME supplementation significantly reduced serum LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.01) and atherogenic index (P<0.01) with no effect on HDL-cholesterol. The current study showed that FCME inclusion might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in rats fed diet without cholesterol (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 14 (4): 535-539.
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, lipid metabolism, rats

Effect of fermented chub mackerel extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

U. Santoso*, S. Ishikawa and K. Tanaka

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipi metabolism of rats fed a diet supplemented wit 1% cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats with 0, 1% or 2% FCME supplementation. In comparison with control, rats fed 2% FCME showed reduction of activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P<0.05), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (P<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (P<0.01). Rats fed 2% FCME also showed reduction in free cholesterol in the liver (P<0.05), and in the concentration of free cholesterol (P<0.05), LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01) and phospholipids (P<0.01 in the plasma. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared with control group. Atherogenic index was also significantly lower in rats fed 1% or fed 2% supplemented diet, whereas bile acid in feces was not significantly affected. The current study showed that 2% inclusion level of fermented chub mackerel extract might have hypolipidemic properties (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 13 (4): 516-520.
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, hig cholesterol diet, lipid metabolism, atherogenic index

Effect of Fermented Chub Mackerel Extract on Lipid Metabolism of Diabetic Rats

U. SANTOSO*, S. ISHIKAWA and K. TANAKA

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

ABSTRACT. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. Four week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups based on weight. All rats were induced with diabetes mellitus by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg body weight. Thereafter, they were randomly distributed to three treatments with 7 rats assigned to each treatment. One group was the control with no additive, and two-treatment groups were given the purified diets supplemented with 1% or 2% FCME. Experimental results showed that in comparison with the control, diabetic rats fed FCME increased feed intake (p<0.01) and body weight gain (p<0.05). FCME inclusion significantly reduced the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (p<0.05) in diabetic rats. FCME significantly increased cholesterol 7alfa-hydroxylase with no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. FCME had no effect on hepatic triglyceride, free cholesterol and phospholipid. FCME inclusion at 1% level significantly reduced serum triglyceride. FCME significantly increased HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) with no effect on LDL + VLDL-cholesterol, and significantly reduced atherogenic index. FCME did not significantly affect serum insulin and glucose concentration. In conclusion, FCME supplementation altered lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. FCME supplementation reduced the risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic rats (research report, 1995).
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, lipid metabolism, diabetic rat

Effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body compotion and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in female broiler chicks

U. Santoso1, K. Tanaka2 and S. Ohtani

1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan

Abstract. To investigate the effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body composition and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity, female broiler chicks were fed on either no additive (control) or dried B. subtilis culture supplemented commercial diets (215 g crude protein/kg, 12.85 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) at 10 or 20 g/kg diet for 28 d from 14 to 42 d of age. Body weight, and moisture, fat, protein and ash contents of the body were not influenced by the B. subtilis culture. Feed efficiency, N utilization, the ratio of abdominal fat or liver to body weight, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) activity, liver and serum cholesterol contents were significantly lower in treatment groups, while fatty acid synthetase activity and serum cholesterol concentration were not significantly different, compared with the control group. Liver triacylglycerol concentration was decreased in chicks given 20 g culture/kg diet, while serum and carcass triacylglycerol concentrations were significantly lower in treatment groups than in the control group. Serum phospholipids concentration was increased but carcass phospholipids concentration was decreased in chicks given 20 g B. subtilis/kg diet, while liver phospholipids concentration was not significantly influenced. The advantages of inclusion of B. subtilis to the broiler diet included improved feed efficiency, less abdominal fat, reduced triacylglycerol concentrations in the liver, serum and carcass and reduced cholesterol concentrations in the liver and carcass (British Journal of Nutrition (1995), 74: 523-529.
Key words: Bacillus subtilis culture, feed efficiency, abdominal fat, cholesterol, triacylglycerol

Chemical composition change in layers faeces fermented with effective microorganisms

U. Santoso, D. Kurniawati and J. Setianto

Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Abstract. The present study was conducted to evaluate a change in the chemical composition of layer faeces when it was fermented with commercial effective microorganisms (EM4). The experiment involved six treatment groups in which layer faeces were fermented with 0 ml (P0), 1.2 ml (P1), 2.4 ml (P2), 3.6 ml (P3), 4.8 ml (P4) or 6 ml (P5) commercial EM4 per 100 gram faeces. A faeces sample were then fermented at anaerobic condition for 4 days under room temperature. Fermented faeces were then dried at 55oC for 2 days, grounded, and stored in asealed plastic bag before subjected to proximate analysis. The energy content of faeces was calculated from proximate analysis. Experimental results showed that effective microorganism fermentation significantly (P<0.05) reduced crude fiber and protein of faeces (P<0.01), and significantly increased fat (P<0.05), nitrogen free extract (P<0.01), energy (P<0.01) and ash content (P<0.05) of faeces. Moisture was not significantly affected by fermentation. The weights of dry matter (P<0.05) and organic matter (P<0.01) of faeces were significantly reduced by effective microorganism fermentation. In conclusion, the fermentation by EM4 was effective to increase ash, nitrogen free extract and energy of faeces but it was not effective to increase the protein content of faeces (Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, 2004, 7 (3): 90-93).
Key words: layer faeces, effective microorganism, crude fiber, energy, protein

Budidaya Ayam Petelur

 

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1. SEJARAH SINGKAT

Ayam petelur adalah ayam-ayam betina dewasa yang dipelihara khusus untuk diambil telurnya. Asal mula ayam unggas adalah berasal dari ayam hutan dan itik liar yang ditangkap dan dipelihara serta dapat bertelur cukup banyak. Tahun demi tahun ayam hutan dari wilayah dunia diseleksi secara ketat oleh para pakar. Arah seleksi ditujukan pada produksi yang banyak, karena ayam hutan tadi dapat diambil telur dan dagingnya maka arah dari produksi yang banyak dalam seleksi tadi mulai spesifik. Ayam yang terseleksi untuk tujuan produksi daging dikenal dengan ayam broiler, sedangkan untuk produksi telur dikenal dengan ayam petelur. Selain itu, seleksi juga diarahkan pada warna kulit telur hingga kemudian dikenal ayam petelur putih dan ayam petelur cokelat. Persilangan dan seleksi itu dilakukan cukup lama hingga menghasilkan ayam petelur seperti yang ada sekarang ini. Dalam setiap kali persilangan, sifat jelek dibuang dan sifat baik dipertahankan (“terus dimurnikan”). Inilah yang kemudian dikenal dengan ayam petelur unggul.
Menginjak awal tahun 1900-an, ayam liar itu tetap pada tempatnya akrab dengan pola kehidupan masyarakat dipedesaan. Memasuki periode 1940-an, orang mulai mengenal ayam lain selain ayam liar itu. Dari sini, orang mulai membedakan antara ayam orang Belanda (Bangsa Belanda saat itu menjajah Indonesia) dengan ayam liar di Indonesia. Ayam liar ini kemudian dinamakan ayam lokal yang kemudian disebut ayam kampung karena keberadaan ayam itu memang di pedesaan. Sementara ayam orang Belanda disebut dengan ayam luar negeri yang kemudian lebih akrab dengan sebutan ayam negeri (kala itu masih merupakan ayam negeri galur murni). Ayam semacam ini masih bisa dijumpai di tahun 1950-an yang dipelihara oleh beberapa orang penggemar ayam. Hingga akhir periode 1980-an, orang Indonesia tidak banyak mengenal klasifikasi ayam. Ketika itu, sifat ayam dianggap seperti ayam kampung saja, bila telurnya enak dimakan maka dagingnya juga enak dimakan. Namun, pendapat itu ternyata tidak benar, ayam negeri/ayam ras ini ternyata bertelur banyak tetapi tidak enak dagingnya.
Ayam yang pertama masuk dan mulai diternakkan pada periode ini adalah ayam ras petelur white leghorn yang kurus dan umumnya setelah habis masa produktifnya. Antipati orang terhadap daging ayam ras cukup lama hingga menjelang akhir periode 1990-an. Ketika itu mulai merebak peternakan ayam broiler yang memang khusus untuk daging, sementara ayam petelur dwiguna/ayam petelur cokelat mulai menjamur pula. Disinilah masyarakat mulai sadar bahwa ayam ras mempunyai klasifikasi sebagai petelur handal dan pedaging yang enak. Mulai terjadi pula persaingan tajam antara telur dan daging ayam ras dengan telur dan daging ayam kampung. Sementara itu telur ayam ras cokelat mulai diatas angin, sedangkan telur ayam kampung mulai terpuruk pada penggunaan resep makanan tradisional saja. Persaingan inilah menandakan maraknya peternakan ayam petelur.
Ayam kampung memang bertelur dan dagingnya memang bertelur dan dagingnya dapat dimakan, tetapi tidak dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai ayam dwiguna secara komersial-unggul. Penyebabnya, dasar genetis antara ayam kampung dan ayam ras petelur dwiguna ini memang berbeda jauh. Ayam kampung dengan kemampuan adaptasi yang luar biasa baiknya. Sehingga ayam kampung dapat mengantisipasi perubahan iklim dengan baik dibandingkan ayam ras. Hanya kemampuan genetisnya yang membedakan produksi kedua ayam ini. Walaupun ayam ras itu juga berasal dari ayam liar di Asia dan Afrika.
2. SENTRA PETERNAKAN
Ayam telah dikembangkan sangat pesat di setiapa negara. Sentra peternakan ayam petelur sudah dijumpai di seluruh pelosok Indonesia terutama ada di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera, tetapi peternakan ayam telah menyebar di Asia dan Afrika serta sebagian Eropa.

Effect of fermented product from Bacillus subtlis on feed conversion efficiency, lipid accumulation and ammnonia production in broiler chicks

U. Santoso1, K. Tanaka2, S. Ohtani3 and M. Sakaida4
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
2Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
3 Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan
4 Japan Biotics Company, Japan
Abstract. This study investigated the effect of fermented product from Bacillus subtilis (FPBS) on feed conversion efficiency, fat accumulation and ammonia production in broiler chicks. Sixty female broilers (strain Chunky, 7-day old) were divided into four groups and raised in individual cages. One group was fed a commercial diet without supplementation of FPBS as the control and the other groups were fed commercial diets containing FPBS, either 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0%, for 21 days from 7 to 28 days of age. Water and feed were given ad libitum. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly improved in chicks supplemented with 0.5 or 1% of FPBS as compared with the control (P<0.05). The activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, and contents of triglyceride and cholesterol in the liver were significantly decreased in treatment groups (P<0.05) as compared with the control group. FPBS has no effect on the concentration of plasma triglyceride, phospholipids and cholesterol. Feeding FPBS at 1% or 2% levels reduced ammonia gas release (P<0.05). The inclusion of FPBS at 1% level may be recommended both to improve production efficiency and to reduce air pollution caused by ammonia gas release. For production efficiency to reach maximal profit, the inclusion of FPBS at 0.5% level can be recommended. Feeding FPBS reduced fat accumulation in the liver (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 14 (3): 333-337).
Key words: Fermented product, Bacillus subtilis, feed conversion efficiency, ammonia gas release, lipid accumulation.