The List of Food High in Cholesterol Content

            It is important for anybody to understand that the safe range of cholesterol intake is range from  200-400 milligrams per day. Cholesterol is needed by the body for several function, so cholesterol shoulh be consumed by us. 50%  the need of cholesterol is synthesize in the body, and its 50% requirement should be supplied from outside (from food). Here the list of top 100 common foods with the highest cholesterol contens
 

Table 1: List of top 100 common foods with the highest cholesterol content.

Rank	Cholesterol food sources	Cholesterol content (mg/ 100 g edible food portion)
1	Beef, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, simmered	3100.00
2	Veal, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, braised	3100.00
3	Beef, variety meats and by-products, brain, raw	3010.00
4	Pork, fresh, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, braised	2552.00
5	Lamb, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, pan-fried	2504.00
6	Egg, yolk, dried	2335.00
7	Pork, fresh, variety meats and by-products, brain, raw	2195.00
8	Veal, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, pan-fried	2120.00
9	Lamb, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, braised	2043.00
10	Egg, whole, dried, stabilized, glucose reduced	2017.00
11	Beef, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, pan-fried	1995.00
12	Egg, whole, dried	1715.00
13	Veal, variety meats and by-products, brain, raw	1590.00
14	Lamb, variety meats and by-products, brain, raw	1352.00
15	Egg, yolk, raw, fresh	1234.00
16	Egg, yolk, raw, frozen	1075.00
17	Egg, yolk, raw, frozen, sugared	959.00
18	Egg, yolk, raw, frozen, salted	955.00
19	Egg, turkey, whole, fresh, raw	933.00
20	Egg, duck, whole, fresh, raw	884.00

Penggunaan Ekstak Saropus androgynus untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Produksi dan Mutu Telur pada Peternakan Ayam Arab Petelur

Oleh: Urip Santoso dan Suharyanto

Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Jalan Raya W.R. Supratman, Bengkulu

Telpon (0736) 21170, eks. 219; e-mail: santosoburgo60@ahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sauropus androgynus extract (SAE) on production、egg quality and cholesterol content in Arab chickens. Three level of extract supplementation was evaluated. One group of layers was fed diet without SAE (control), other  groups were fed diet with 4.5 g SAE/kg diet or 9 g SAE/kg diet. Each group contained 8 birds which was kept in individual cage. Experimental results showed that the SAE supplementation increased egg production. Yolk colour was increased in layer fed SAE. Egg cholesterol content tended to be increased by SAE supplementation. In conclusion, SAE supplementation improved egg production and quality.

Key words: Sauropus androgynus,  egg production, egg quality, cholesterol

ABSTRAK

Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi ekstrak daun katuk (EDK) untuk meningkatkan produksi dan mutu telur. Dua puluh empat ayam Arab didistrbusikan ke dalam 3 perlakuan. Satu kelompok tidak diberi EDK (kontrol), sedangkan kelompok lainna diberi 4,5 g EDK/kg pakan atau 9 g EDK/kg pakan. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas 8 ekor ayam Arab petelur yang dipelihara dalam kandang kawat individu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ayam petelur yang diberi ekstrak daun katuk (4,5 g maupun 9 g/kg pakan) meningkatkan produksi telur. Warna kuning telur juga meningkat, dimana untuk kontrol nilainya 4,38, untuk yang diberi 4,5 g ekstrak 4,75 dan yang diberi 9 g ekstrak 5,75. Sementara variabel kualitas telur lain seperti tebal kerabang, indeks kuning telur, indeks putih telur dan HU tidak banyak perubahan. Hasil analisis kolesterol menunjukkan bahwa pemberian EDK cenderung menurunkan kadar kolesterol telur. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi EDK memperbaiki produksi dan mutu telur.

Kata kunci: Katuk,  mutu telur, produksi telur, kolesterol

MANFAAT DAUN KATUK BAGI KESEHATAN MANUSIA DAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK

Oleh: Prof. Urip santoso

            Setelah manusia mengarungi samudra dunia modern dengan segala kemudahan sebagai hasil perkembangan teknologi, manusia mulai menyadari bahwa segala sesuatu yang tidak seimbang, tidak fitrah atau tidak alami dapat membawa akibat kurang baik bagi kesehatannya. Perubahan pola makan manusia modern ternyata mengakibatkan berbagai penyakit yang dahulunya kurang dominan sebagai penyebab kematian, sekarang menduduki peringkat atas. Semakin hari semakin banyak manusia yang terkena kanker, stroke, penyakit penyempitan pembuluh darah, penyakit jantung, kencing manis, dan berbagai penyakit degeneratif lainnya, sebagai akibat salah makan atau makan yang berlebihan.
            Hal ini kemudian memicu masyarakat untuk kembali ke alam. Diyakini bahwa sesuatu yang alami baik pada pola pangan, ataupun penggunaan bahan alami sebagai obat akan membawa efek negatif yang lebih sedikit. Dengan demikian, umur fisiologis dari sel dapat diperpanjang. Di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat misalnya, penggunaan tumbuhan obat sebagai alternatif obat kimia telah  banyak di teliti dan diproduksi. Tumbuhan obat juga telah banyak diteliti untuk meningkatkan kesehatan dan produktivitas ternak.
            Indonesia dengan kekayaan keanekaragaman hayatinya, mempunyai potensi yang sangat besar untuk menyediakan obat alami, mengingat banyak tumbuhan obat yang tumbuh dengan baik. Sejak jaman dulu bangsa Indonesia telah mengenal tumbuhan obat dan memanfaatkannya untuk menjaga kesehatan dan mengobati penyakit. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat tersebut diperoleh berdasarkan empirik dan pengalaman yang diturunkan dari nenek moyang kita. Pengobatan dengan bahan asal tumbuhan disebut fitoterapi yang dalam penerapannya pada waktu ini dikenal dalam bentuk jamu dan fitofarma.
            Sampai dengan pertengahan abad XX fitoterapi memegang peranan penting untuk upaya pencegahan dan penyembuhan penyakit. Setelah mengalami masa surut akibat desakan bahan aktif hasil sintesis kimia, pada 20 tahun terakhir ini bahan obat asal tumbuh-tumbuhan semakin mendapat perhatian kembali, baik sebagai obat tradisional jamu, fitofarma maupun sumber senyawa murni. Kecenderungan ini banyak didorong oleh berbagai kejadian buruk akibat obat yang berasal dari senyawa kimia hasil sintesis dan juga tidak lepas dari kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi terkait, seperti botani, kimia, farmasi dan farmakologi yang memungkinkan konsep metode berdasar dan lebih pasti atas khasiat sediaannya. Oleh karena itu, khasiatnya tidak usah diragukan lagi.
            Sediaan asal tumbuhan yang sudah jelas khasiat, keamanan dan stabilitasnya disebut fitofarmaka. Jadi, industri fitofarmaka adalah industri farmasi yang bersumber pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan merupakan produk IPTEK  tumbuhan obat. Pengembangan industri fitofarmaka akan mendorong usaha pelestarian tumbuhan obat dan industri budidaya tanaman obat, simplisia, sediaan galenik, fraksi atau kelompok senyawa bioaktif yang mempunyai mutu standar dan lebih jauh ke arah kemoterapi.
            Salah satu tumbuhan obat yang berpotensi besar namun belum banyak dilirik dan dikembangkan sebagai komoditas unggulan adalah “katuk” (Sauropus androgynus).

Effects of fermented products from chub mackerel extract on growth and carcass composition, hepatic lipogenesis and on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the thigh muscle of broilers

K. Tanaka, B. S. Youn, U. Santoso*, S. Ohtani and M. Sakaida

Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fermented products from chub mackerel extracts (fermented mackerel extracts) on growth, carcass composition, contents of various lipid fractions in the liver, the serum, and the thigh muscle, and activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of broilers. Fermented mackerel extracts supplementation resulted ini an insignificant slight increase in final body weights of broilers. Fermented mackerel extract did not affect liver weights, but abdominal fat weights of female broilers were significantly decreased by the addition of 2.0% fermented mackerel extracts. Lipid fraction contents of the serum and the liver of broilers were unaffected by fermented mackerel extracts. Triglyceride and free cholesterol contents of the thigh muscle of broilers were significantly decreased or tended to be decreased by adding 1.0 or 2.0% fermented mackerel extracts. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and faftty acid synthetase in the liver were not affected by dietary feremented mackerel extracts. However, activities of malic enzyme, citrate cleavage enzyme and HMG-CoA reductase in the liver were significantly decreased by 1.0 or 2.0% fertmented mackerel extracts. Dietary fermented mackerel extracts tended to decrease the proportion of crude fat and to increase that of moisture in broiler carcasses (Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn), 63 (1): 32-37, 1992
Key words: chub mackerel extracts, broilers, hepatic lipogenesis, carcass composition, abdominal fat

Effects of fermented products from the chub mackerel on growth, and on lipogenesis and contents of various lipids in the liver of growing chicks

K. Tanaka, B. S. Youn, S. Ohtani and M. Sakaida

Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan

Abstract. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fermented products from the chub mackerel on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the plasma, and on activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of growing chicks. Forty chicks (SCWL male, 4 weeks of age) were weighed individually and divided into five groups of eaight chicks each, which were fed the diet containing either 0 (control group), 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2% with fermented products from the chub mackerel (chub mackerel extracts). Chicks were fed the experimental diets for 21 days. Dietary chub mackerel extracts improved body weight gains of chicks. Abdominal fat weights were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackerel extracts. The 1.0 or 2% extracts to the diet showed the tendency of decreases in the triglyceride and free cholesterol concentrations in the plasma of chicks. When 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackerel extract was supplemented to the diet, the triglyceride and free cholesterol contents in the liver of chicks were significantly decreased. Similarly, the addition of more than 0.5% extracts to the diet caused significantly reduction in the cholesterol in the liver of chicks. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the liver of chicks tended to be decreased and were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2% chub mackerel extracts to the diet (Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 61 (12): 1102-1106, 1990.
Key words: chub mackerel extract, growing chick, lipogenesis, HMG-CoA reductase

Effect of fermented chub mackerel extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed diets without cholesterol

U. Santoso*, S. Ishikawa and K. Tanaka

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
Abtract. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in rats fed diets without cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats with 0, 1 or 2% FCME supplementation to the diets. Ourified diets were used in the present study. Feed and water were fed ad libitum. FCME supplementation had no effect on the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and the content of free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids in the liver (P>0.05). 1% FCME supplementation significantly increased serum triglyceride (P<0.05) and hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (P<0.05) with no effect on serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipids concentration. FCME supplementation significantly reduced serum LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.01) and atherogenic index (P<0.01) with no effect on HDL-cholesterol. The current study showed that FCME inclusion might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in rats fed diet without cholesterol (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 14 (4): 535-539.
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, lipid metabolism, rats

Effect of fermented chub mackerel extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

U. Santoso*, S. Ishikawa and K. Tanaka

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipi metabolism of rats fed a diet supplemented wit 1% cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats with 0, 1% or 2% FCME supplementation. In comparison with control, rats fed 2% FCME showed reduction of activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P<0.05), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (P<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (P<0.01). Rats fed 2% FCME also showed reduction in free cholesterol in the liver (P<0.05), and in the concentration of free cholesterol (P<0.05), LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01) and phospholipids (P<0.01 in the plasma. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared with control group. Atherogenic index was also significantly lower in rats fed 1% or fed 2% supplemented diet, whereas bile acid in feces was not significantly affected. The current study showed that 2% inclusion level of fermented chub mackerel extract might have hypolipidemic properties (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 13 (4): 516-520.
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, hig cholesterol diet, lipid metabolism, atherogenic index

Effect of Fermented Chub Mackerel Extract on Lipid Metabolism of Diabetic Rats

U. SANTOSO*, S. ISHIKAWA and K. TANAKA

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

ABSTRACT. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. Four week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups based on weight. All rats were induced with diabetes mellitus by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg body weight. Thereafter, they were randomly distributed to three treatments with 7 rats assigned to each treatment. One group was the control with no additive, and two-treatment groups were given the purified diets supplemented with 1% or 2% FCME. Experimental results showed that in comparison with the control, diabetic rats fed FCME increased feed intake (p<0.01) and body weight gain (p<0.05). FCME inclusion significantly reduced the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (p<0.05) in diabetic rats. FCME significantly increased cholesterol 7alfa-hydroxylase with no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. FCME had no effect on hepatic triglyceride, free cholesterol and phospholipid. FCME inclusion at 1% level significantly reduced serum triglyceride. FCME significantly increased HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) with no effect on LDL + VLDL-cholesterol, and significantly reduced atherogenic index. FCME did not significantly affect serum insulin and glucose concentration. In conclusion, FCME supplementation altered lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. FCME supplementation reduced the risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic rats (research report, 1995).
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, lipid metabolism, diabetic rat

PENTINGNYA KOLESETEROL BAGI KESEHATAN KITA

Dikompilasi Oleh: Urip Santoso

Pengantar

            Allah memerintahkan kepada kita untuk makan makanan yang halal dan baik. Rasulullah memberi contoh agar kita makan dengan seimbang, atau tidak berlebih-lebihan. Allah juga menegaskan bahwa apa yang diciptakan itu pasti berguna dan tidak sia-sia. Kolesterol yang banyak ditakuti oleh manusia itu sesungguhnya sangat berguna bagi kesehatan manusia. Kolesterol akan mengganggu kesehatan jika dikonsumsi secara berlebih-lebihan.

I.                   Apa Itu Kolesterol

Kolesterol merupakan salah satu jenis lemak yang diproduksi oleh hati dan sangat diperlukan oleh tubuh.Tetapi kolesterol berlebih akan menimbulkan masalah, terutama pada
pembuluh darah jantung dan otak.Setiap orang memiliki kolesterol di dalam darahnya, di mana 50% diproduksi oleh tubuh sendiri dan 50% berasal dari makanan. Kolesterol yang diproduksi terdiri atas 2 jenis yaitu kolesterol HDL dan kolesterol LDL.

Dari hati, kolesterol diangkut oleh lipoprotein yang bernama LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) untuk dibawa ke sel-sel tubuh yang memerlukan, termasuk ke sel otot jantung, otak dan lain-lain agar dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Kolesterol LDL diperlukan dalam pemeliharaan membran plasma. Ketika LDL melalui pembuluh arteri sebagian kolesterol ditimbun di dinding arteri. Kelebihan kolesterol yang tertimbun di dinding artikel diangkut kembali oleh lipoprotein yang disebut HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) untuk dibawa kembali ke hati yang selanjutnya akan diuraikan lalu dibuang ke dalam kandung empedu sebagai asam empedu.